A sweet and tasty delicacy - hematogen - is familiar to each of us since childhood. And even though this medicinal product is not new, the health benefits of hematogen are undeniable. Hematogen in the form we know it - in the form of sweet bars - appeared in Russia only after 1917. However, before manufacturers learned how to make real hematogen, pharmacies sold a mixture based on bovine blood, which was invented in Switzerland in 1890 by Dr. Hommel.

The drug owes its origin to scientists who discovered at the end of the 19th century that iron is an important element in the blood. Translated from Greek, the word “hematogen” means “giving birth to blood.” Hematogen contains processed dried defibrinated cattle blood, to which various ingredients can be added: ascorbic acid, honey, sugar, condensed milk, chocolate or coconut chips, nuts and other flavoring substances that improve the taste of the product. During the Great Patriotic War, hematogen was widely used in hospitals to treat the wounded and improve their blood composition, and was also a mandatory product that was included in the diet of active troops.

Composition of hematogen

Undoubtedly, hematogen is useful because it contains a whole “collection” of valuable nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats. However, the main ingredient of hematogen is still iron, without which it is impossible to form erythrocytes in the blood - red blood cells. Hematogen contains iron in the form of iron-containing protein - hemoglobin, which is perfectly absorbed by the body. In addition, the product contains a lot of vitamin A, especially necessary for a growing body, and a large number of amino acids.

The benefits of hematogen

The effect and benefit of hematogen lies in its general strengthening, preventive effect on the human body. This useful dietary supplement is actively used as an aid in the prevention and treatment of many dangerous diseases. Regular intake of hematogen increases the level of hemoglobin in the blood and normalizes the natural process of hematopoiesis. Hemoglobin is also a complete source of amino acids that the body needs for the normal functioning of all systems.

Vitamin A, which is part of hematogen, improves the condition of the skin, hair, nails, and has a beneficial effect on vision. It is difficult to overestimate the benefits of hematogen in the treatment of anemia, a disease that occurs due to a lack of iron in the body. Hematogen is recommended to be included in the diet of weakened people who have undergone major operations. Hematogen is especially useful for children.

A tasty product makes up for the lack of vitamins, proteins and microelements in their diet. It is also necessary to use hematogen for diseases that occur against the background of bleeding, for example, for stomach and duodenal ulcers.

Harm of hematogen

Speaking about how useful hematogen is, it is impossible to forget about the contraindications to its use. Alas, they exist. Since the product contains many additives, if you are allergic to one of them, you should refrain from consuming hematogen.

The materials are published for informational purposes only and are not a prescription for treatment! We recommend that you consult a hematologist at your medical institution!

Hematogen is a unique drug that contains many useful micro- and macroelements. What is it for? Hematogen was created during the Second World War for the treatment of patients with significant blood loss, contusions and other injuries.

The drug is still used today to treat diseases associated with iron deficiency. In addition, the product is also used to prevent many diseases.

Composition of the product

What is hematogen made of? It is made from the dried blood of a bull or other large livestock. Additionally, honey, ascorbic acid and flavor enhancers are added. The hematogen looks like a bar of regular chocolate, but it has much more benefits!

Hematogen contains amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins and other elements that stimulate the body’s recovery after illnesses, infections, surgical interventions, etc.

Since hematogen contains vitamin A, the use of this drug has a beneficial effect on vision and skin restoration. Hematogen promotes hair and nail growth. How much iron is in one tile can be found on the packaging.

There are several types of hematogen, which contain different amounts of vitamins and microelements. That is why it is necessary to consult a doctor about how to take this drug.

General indications for use:

• iron deficiency in the body;
• unbalanced diet;
• with frequent bleeding;
• with anemia;
• to increase hemoglobin;
• for chronic gastrointestinal diseases;
• after complex infectious diseases;
• with frequent feelings of fatigue and weakness of the body.

In addition, hematogen should be used if the child has a slight developmental delay. As part of complex therapy, the drug can be prescribed for the treatment of various diseases that impair vision.

Contraindications for use

Hematogen is a medicinal supplement, which, like any other drug, has its contraindications:

• Hematogen contains carbohydrates that are quickly absorbed by the body. Therefore, it is strictly forbidden for patients with diabetes to take the drug.
• It is not recommended to use hematogen for patients with thrombophlebitis, as their condition may worsen significantly.
• It is also prohibited to take the drug for those who are allergic to its constituent components.

Hematogen and pregnancy

Doctors do not recommend using hematogen during pregnancy, as it can cause blockage of placental cells or form thrombosis. This drug can be used during pregnancy only in cases of extreme necessity, for example, if the expectant mother has low hemoglobin or has an iron deficiency.

Important! Self-medication is strictly prohibited, as this can seriously harm your baby. Only a gynecologist will say with confidence whether a pregnant woman can take hematogen and in what quantity it should be consumed.

• They tend to be overweight.
• The expectant mother suffers from diabetes or has a hereditary tendency to this disease.
• It is strictly prohibited for women with anemia that is not associated with iron deficiency!
• If a pregnant woman is allergic to any component that is part of the hematogen.

Use of the drug for breastfeeding

Experts warn that using hematogen while breastfeeding should be done with extreme caution, especially for those who are allergic to the drug.

Important! Do not forget that hematogen is primarily a medicinal supplement, and not a complete nutrition. A woman can use the drug only when the child is at least 4 months old.

Hematogen can affect the taste of milk, so the baby may even refuse breastfeeding. In addition, it is not recommended to use hematogen during hepatitis B if:

• there is a tendency to allergies;
• There is no iron deficiency in the blood.

Types of hematogen

The following types of hematogen are produced:

• Standard hematogen. Does not have any additives. Available in 30 and 50 g bars. Can be consumed by both children and adults.
• New hematogen. The composition is practically no different from standard hematogen. Contains an additive in the form of hazelnuts. Available in packs of 6 and 10 plates.
• Honey hematogen. Contains honey additive. It is recommended for use by patients with infectious and viral diseases, anemia. Standard form. Available in slabs of 30 g (6 cubes) and 50 g (10 cubes).
• Hematogen C. It has an additional additive - vitamin C. It is produced in a standard form, in the same sizes as regular hematogen.

Dosage of the drug

How often you can eat and in what doses it is advisable to use hematogen will be determined exclusively by the attending physician, having studied the results of all examinations and tests.

Important! You do not need to prescribe the drug yourself. In some cases, hematogen can cause harm to the body.

Instructions for use for children

At what age can hematogen be given to children? Experts recommend starting to give the drug to children from 3 years old, and then not in large quantities. Hematogen can be given for preventive purposes, but eating it all the time is strictly prohibited! Children can take the drug daily for 2-3 weeks, and then you need to take a short break so as not to harm the baby’s health.

Hematogen for children should be taken according to the instructions:

• Children 3-5 years old no more than 5 g 3 times. in a day.
• Children 6-12 years old: 10 g 3 times. in a day.

Important! The drug is available in pharmacies without a prescription. But hematogen should be given only after consultation with a pediatrician. It is not useful for all children. In addition, this drug may cause side effects. Therefore, you should not abuse hematogen!

Instructions for use for adults

For both men and women, the permissible daily intake should not exceed 15 g of hematogen. It is not recommended to take other vitamins at the same time without a doctor’s permission. It is not advisable to eat the drug for 30 minutes. before/after meals. It is also not advisable for men and women to take Hematogen continuously. It is recommended to use the drug for 3-4 weeks, then you will need to take a short break.

Hematogen is a prophylactic agent containing hemoglobin used to treat iron deficiency anemia.

Release form and composition

Hematogen is produced in the form of embossed dark brown tiles, distributed lengthwise and crosswise with marks on separate plates, in films of 30 and 50 g. The product has a weak specific aroma and sweet taste.

Each Hematogen tile contains food grade black albumin (defibrinated blood of slaughtered cattle). Depending on the manufacturer, the product may contain various additional components. Among them, the most common are starch syrup, vanillin, honey, raisins, ascorbic acid, condensed or whole milk powder, vitamin A, dried apricots, peanuts, flavorings and sugars.

Indications for use

Hematogen is used in cases of iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition, and during the period of convalescence after infectious and other diseases. The drug is prescribed for chronic diseases, especially for peptic ulcers of the duodenum and stomach.

Due to the fact that Hematogen contains vitamin A, it can also be prescribed to patients with visual impairment.

Contraindications

The use of Hematogen is contraindicated in cases of hypersensitivity to the components that make up the product, as well as in cases of anemia not associated with iron deficiency. Also, the drug is not prescribed to children under two years of age and to all patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

Due to the fact that the drug contains easily digestible carbohydrates, it should not be taken by patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity.

During pregnancy and during the period of breastfeeding, Hematogen can be used only according to indications and provided that the expected benefit from therapy for the mother outweighs the possible risk for the child or developing fetus.

Directions for use and dosage

The drug is taken orally during meals. The dosage of the drug depends on the age of the patient, namely:

• Children 2-6 years old take 30 g of the drug per day;
• Patients 7-14 years old are prescribed 35-40 g of Hematogen per day;
• Teenagers and adults take 40-50 g of the drug per day.

The duration of drug therapy varies between 1-2 months.

The dose of the drug for patients during the period of convalescence after iron deficiency anemia is 100 g of Hematogen per day for 60 days.

Side effects

Hematogen, according to the instructions, can cause nausea, diarrhea and allergic reactions. No cases of drug overdose have been reported to date.

special instructions

Thanks to the vitamin A included in Hematogen, the drug has a beneficial effect on the condition of the skin, hair and nails.

The drug does not affect the patient’s ability to drive vehicles or complex machinery.

Analogs

Synonyms for the drug are not released. Analogs of Hematogen are the drugs Totema, Ferroplex, Fenyuls, Aktiferrin, Ferro-Folgamma and Ferlatum Fol.

Terms and conditions of storage

The instructions for Hematogen indicate that the product should be stored in a well-ventilated, dry place, out of reach of children and protected from light, at room temperature.

Content

There is no child or adult who has not tried hematogen at least once in their life - the benefits and harms of this drug are still discussed by doctors, but if at an early age it looks like a tasty treat, similar to a chocolate bar, then after learning about the composition, people are often in no hurry to take it There is. The drug, which stimulates hematopoiesis, contains defibrinated bovine blood. The product was invented at the end of the 19th century in Switzerland. At first, the medicine was a mixture based on the blood of cattle; it acquired the usual form of sweet bars in Russia after 1917.

What is hematogen

Hematogen refers to medications containing dried processed blood. Translated from the Greek “haematogenum”, this word means “giving birth to blood.” The medication consists of albumin (blood protein) and various food additives that improve taste. Hematogen increases hemoglobin. During the Great Patriotic War, the Russian drug was included in the mandatory diet of the wounded.

According to modern pharmaceutical classification, it is a dietary supplement rich in vitamins and microelements. The dietary supplement is not a candy or dessert. It has a memorable specific sweet taste and soft consistency. It is important to know what hematogen is used for - the benefits of the treat and the harm border on each other.

Compound

The active components of hematogen are proteins, carbohydrates and healthy fats. Divalent iron is considered an important substance, which forms erythrocytes in the blood - red blood cells. The chemical element is represented by iron-containing protein, which is perfectly absorbed by the body. The preparation contains vitamin A, which is necessary for a growing body, and is a source of amino acids.

Additional food ingredients of hematogen are flavoring additives: honey, molasses, sugar, chocolate, sesame seeds, nuts, condensed milk, coconut flakes, candied fruits are added to it. The product is made from blood, and it is listed as food albumin. The calorie content of the product is 354 kcal per 100 g. Detailed analysis of the BJU of a useful product:

How to make hematogen

The dietary supplement contains classic black food albumin. It is obtained from the blood of cattle - the blood or red blood cells are stabilized and dried. These components contain many allergens, so in modern production they are replaced with hemoglobin. Medicine production technology according to GOST:

• sugar syrup is mixed with condensed milk, molasses, heated to 125 degrees;
• the mass is cooled to 60 degrees;
• black food albumin or hemoglobin is injected into it.

The benefits of hematogen

The effect of taking the medicine is a preventive and restorative effect. The dietary supplement is an aid in the prevention of anemia and treatment of diseases. How hematogen is useful:

• increases the level of hemoglobin in the blood;
• normalizes the process of blood production;
• amino acids support the normal functioning of all organs;
• vitamin A improves the condition of nails, skin, hair, supports vision;
• used in the complex treatment of anemia, postoperative periods, weakness;
• replenishes the deficiency of vitamins and proteins, eliminates general exhaustion;
• indispensable for stomach and duodenal ulcers, since these diseases are accompanied by blood loss;
• normalizes the weight and height of children.

For children

Pediatricians will tell you why children need hematogen. The drug is given from 3 years of age to 30 g per day. Its benefits to the child’s body are as follows:

• strengthens the immune system;
• prevents anemia from developing;
• enhances production in case of red blood cell deficiency, normalizes hemoglobin, protects against anemia;
• renews the structure and composition of the blood, strengthens the body;
• increases the supply of oxygen to cells and tissues;
• stimulates hematopoiesis, metabolism, develops visual function;
• improves the functioning of digestion and respiratory organs;

For women

Some doubt whether Hematogen is useful, because the product has many contraindications, harms and side effects. For women, especially pregnant women, the benefits are as follows:

• helps the fetus and placenta to fully develop;
• strengthens the immune system, helps avoid the risk of iron deficiency;
• doctors recommend using the drug to prevent iron deficiency anemia;
• increases the reserves of microelements in the body of a pregnant woman;
• during menstruation, it replenishes lost substances;
• increases osmotic pressure in the blood, eliminates swelling;
• It is recommended to use hematogen to enhance the transport of hormones;
• The composition contains vitamins A, C and E, which maintain the normal condition of mucous membranes, skin, hair, and nails.

For men

The product is considered important for children and women, but there are benefits of hematogen for men. It is as follows:

• helps with emotional, mental, physical stress;
• stabilizes metabolism, regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism;
• improves digestion, breathing;
• normalizes vision, tones the body, contains vitamins;
• amino acids protect against infections;
• helps cope with intense workouts
• restores strength after medical procedures and operations.

Hematogen for weight loss

The beneficial properties of hematogen are applicable in many areas, but not for weight loss. The product has a high calorie content to include it in the diet menu. If you count calories, hematogen can be used as a dessert. When following a special diet, take into account the rate of supplement use - fillers increase calorie content and are included in the list of prohibited foods for people suffering from excess weight.

Harm

You should not uncontrollably take any dietary supplements, including hematogen - the benefits and harms of its use can be closely intertwined. Here are some harmful factors:

• additives and albumin are allergenic and cause serious consequences;
• easily digestible carbohydrates cause harm in the form of obesity and diabetes;
• overdose threatens nausea, diarrhea;
• helps reduce the digestibility of saturated fats;
• negatively affects the thyroid gland of diabetics.

Instructions for use

1-2 tablets three times a day - this is the norm for taking hematogen without consequences for the body. Bars, bars or chewable strips are available in 20, 30 or 50 g sizes, divided into strips or cubes. The duration of taking the medicine is 2-3 weeks. Take it between meals, preferably two hours after meals. You can drink the cubes with water, but do not combine them with dairy products - this makes it difficult to absorb nutrients. While using Hematogen, it is forbidden to take vitamin complexes.

Before you start taking the product, consult your doctor to avoid harm to your body. Consumption of hematogen for preventive purposes requires compliance with a number of rules:

• Do not combine with salt substitutes;
• you cannot eat tiles while following a low-salt diet;
• do not combine with antibiotics (take after two hours);
• You cannot simultaneously consume protein foods - meat, fish, liver, foods with calcium or antacids;
• Hematogen should be stored in a dark place out of reach of children.

The daily dosage depends on the age, gender and individual characteristics of the person. Approximate permitted doses for benefit:

At what age can a child be given hematogen?

For children under three years of age, taking hematogen is contraindicated. Even if your child asks to buy a delicious candy bar, don’t give in. Starting from the age of three, it is allowed to include 5 grams three times a day in the baby’s diet, from six years old - 10 g twice a day, over 12 - 10 g three times a day. The duration of treatment lasts 21 days.

What happens if you eat a lot of hematogen

The daily dose of hematogen for children over six years of age is 20 g, for adults 50 g. It can be taken every day, but not longer than 21 days. After this, take a break for at least three weeks. If the dosage is not observed, the following unpleasant symptoms occur:

• Digestion becomes difficult;
• tooth enamel is stained;
• frequency of urination increases;
• possible stomach bleeding, uneven heartbeat, muscle weakness.

Possible side effects

The iron ions included in the product have a slight irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the intestines and stomach. They activate the vagus nerve, which supplies nerve endings to the abdominal organs. Side effects. According to reviews, they are:

• vomiting, nausea;
• stomach discomfort;
• flatulence; diarrhea, diarrhea;
• frequent urination.

Contraindications

The instructions for using Hematogen indicate contraindications, in the presence of which the use of the bar is not prescribed in order to avoid harm:

• diabetes mellitus (the medicine contains easily digestible carbohydrates that increase sugar concentration);
• obesity;
• gastritis;
• hypersensitivity to the main components;
• anemia without iron deficiency (excess iron can have a toxic effect on the body);
• metabolic disorders;
• phlebeurysm;
• thrombophlebitis;
• children up to three years of age.

How to choose

Tiles are sold at the pharmacy. When choosing, you should pay attention to the following factors that guarantee the quality and benefits of a natural product:

• in the first place of the present composition is food albumin (black, dried bovine blood);
• albumin content should be 4-5% of the total mass;
• It is better not to choose a product with additives, they reduce the effectiveness of the medication;
• If the records are dipped in chocolate, reduce the total calorie content of your diet.

Video

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Since childhood, we have become accustomed to the fact that hematogen is a tasty medicine, almost a dessert. But how to use the drug correctly so that it does not cause harm? And what are the indications for use?

Made from the blood of cattle. But do not be afraid of infections - the blood undergoes a long, thorough treatment. Condensed milk, ascorbic acid or honey, as well as other substances that improve the taste of the drug and increase its therapeutic effect, are added to the base.

It has a briquette shape, similar to a chocolate bar, a pleasant sweet taste and a slightly viscous consistency that sticks to the teeth.

The first useful product of this kind was called Hommol's hematogen and was released in 1880 in Switzerland. It was made from a mixture of egg yolk and ox blood. The medicine looked more like a potion than a typical candy bar. This product was sold in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

After 1917, Russia began to produce its own hematogen, which was used in the food industry and for medical purposes. Today, the drug is produced by private enterprises, changing the recipe and taste of the medicinal product at their discretion. However, the pharmacological properties of the drug remain (or should remain) unchanged.

The preparation contains substances that have properties of a wide therapeutic spectrum. They are necessary for healthy hematopoiesis and well-being:

• Proteins and amino acids that partially cover the daily requirement.
• Minerals: a lot of iron, as well as calcium, chlorine, potassium, sodium.
• Fats are represented by fat-soluble vitamins and animal fats.
• Vitamins: ascorbic acid and vitamin A.
• Carbohydrates: glucose and sucrose, as well as maltose, dextrin.

Excipients in the composition of hematogen are needed to improve taste and increase nutritional value. This could be nuts, condensed milk, cereals, sugar, etc.

The exact set of ingredients in a bar depends on what changes a particular manufacturer has made to the basic recipe. For example, nuts and berries expand the vitamin and mineral profile of the product.

As for caloric content, on average one hundred gram slab of hematogen contains about 355 kcal.

Indications for use

This drug can be used as a prophylaxis for various diseases by both adult men and women, and children. In some cases, taking hematogen is an urgent need and is part of the complex treatment of various diseases.

Current indications for use:

1. Poor or inadequate nutrition.
2. Blood diseases, including iron deficiency anemia.
3. Chronic diseases.
4. Stomach or duodenal ulcer.
5. Internal bleeding.
6. Bone fractures.
7. Serious blood loss.
8. Haemorrhoids.
9. Convalescence (in the process of recovery from some serious illness).
10. Time of menstruation (in women).
11. Postoperative recovery period.
12. Visual impairment.
13. Withdrawal syndrome.

The use of the drug has an excellent effect on the general condition, has a good effect on the skin, hair, and nails.

Instructions for use

• The daily dose of hematogen for children is no more than 40 g.
• Adults can eat no more than 50 g per day.

The drug should be taken between meals.

Benefits for women and men

The use of this pharmaceutical drug is indicated not only for children. The benefits of Hematogen for adults (both women and men) are based on the following beneficial properties of the drug:

• promotes healthy hematopoiesis;
• contains essential amino acids and proteins;
• helps to survive stress without consequences;
• strengthens the immune system;
• improves the condition of nails, skin, hair;
• necessary for women to feel good during menstruation;
• needed by men to produce healthy sperm;
• partially eliminates the consequences of avoiding a healthy lifestyle;
• allows you to quickly recover from injuries and illnesses;
• normalizes metabolism;
• relieves drowsiness and feelings of fatigue;
• saturates with useful substances in case of disrupted diet;
• For athletes, hematogen is shown as a healthy source of energy and protein.

It is advisable to use this bar during long-term treatment of infections, during surgical interventions, during and after a course of chemotherapy, as well as while following a strict diet.

Hematogen must be eaten by blood donors so that the honorable deed does not harm the body.

This product is also necessary for people who avoid eating meat because they don’t like the taste. But the product is not suitable for vegetarians, because it consists of animal blood.

For children

The product can be given to children over 3 years old. Indications for use in children are:

• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• weak immunity;
• drowsiness, frequent moodiness;
• low weight (less than normal);
• gastrointestinal diseases;
• growth disorders;
• chronic and acute diseases;
• poor vision;
• skin problems.

The drug will be useful for children after suffering from colds. In addition, the product should be given to children after operations, including minor interventions, for example, when removing a baby tooth. It is also advisable to treat a child with hematogen after minor injuries: a skinned knee, broken palms and other consequences of children's games.

Harm and contraindications

Hematogen is not a dessert; it cannot be eaten in unlimited quantities. In case of overdose, it causes nausea or diarrhea, and long-term abuse can lead to more serious consequences.

In particular, an excess of iron in the body causes the deposition of cholesterol in the vessels, that is, it provokes the development of atherosclerosis. For anemia not associated with iron deficiency, the drug can be taken only with the permission of a doctor.

Hematogen is very high in calories, so it is contraindicated for obese people. It also contains a lot of sugars, which is why it is harmful for patients with diabetes.

This valuable source of iron is incompatible with some medications. Therefore, if you are undergoing any course of treatment, consult your doctor first.

Product compatibility

Hematogen cannot be combined with sources of calcium and its derivatives. Such substances make it difficult to absorb the components of the drug. Thus, it does not need to be washed down with dairy products, eaten for dessert after salads and other dishes containing cabbage, as well as after semolina and rice porridge.

It is not recommended for use by those who adhere to a diet that excludes salt.

Cereal products, liver, all types of fish and meat should be eaten separately from the iron bar - after a few hours.

Children are given the product as a light snack, but not after a hearty lunch or ice cream.

All heavy fats interfere with the absorption of nutrients in the hematogen, and you should not eat it after chebureks and other fatty foods.

Drug Compatibility

Hematogen cannot be combined with antibiotics, including the following drugs:

• oxycycline;
• ciprofloxacin;
• tetracycline;
• ofloxacin;
• levofloxacin;
• norfloxacin;
• minocycline, etc.

Check with your doctor if you are taking diuretics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including:

• diclofenac;
• naproxen;
• ketoprofen;
• ibuprofen;
• indomethacin.

The potential harm of hematogen lies in its poor compatibility with certain drugs for the heart and normalization of blood pressure:

• penicillamine;
• vesanoid;
• isotretinoin;
• sulfamethoxazole;
• trimethoprim.

How to choose

This is a medicine, so you do not need to buy it at the market, grocery stores or stalls. Only in pharmacies.

The name of the drug must contain the unchanged word “hematogen”. Names like “hematogen” indicate a major change in the formulation. It is possible that such a product contains no traces of bovine blood at all.

It is necessary to look at the composition: it must contain black food albumin - this is the main component of the remedy.

If there is an additional “C” in the name, this drug is enriched with ascorbic acid. And the “+” sign indicates the content of divalent iron.

There is no need to buy hematogen with the addition of:

• plant components, including nuts and grains;
• sweeteners;
• stabilizers;
• preservatives;
• flavor enhancers.

Any mysterious combinations of letters and numbers in the composition of the drug indicate unwanted additives.

Don’t take the cheapest one, it’s better to take the middle one within the pharmacy’s price range.